The UNIX system is functionally organized at three levels:
- The kernel, which schedules tasks and manages storage;
- The shell, which connects and interprets users' commands, calls programs from memory, and executes them; and
- The tools and applications that offer additional functionality to the operating system.
The three levels of the UNIX system: kernel, shell, and tools and applications.
The kernel
The heart of the operating system, the kernel controls the hardware and turns part of the system on and off at the programer's command. If you ask the computer to list (ls) all the files in a directory, the kernel tells the computer to read all the files in that directory from the disk and display them on your screen.
The shell
There are several types of shell, most notably the command driven Bourne Shell and the C Shell (no pun intended), and menu-driven shells that make it easier for beginners to use. Whatever shell is used, its purpose remains the same -- to act as an interpreter between the user and the computer.
The shell also provides the functionality of "pipes," whereby a number of commands can be linked together by a user, permitting the output of one program to become the input to another program.
Tools and applications
There are hundreds of tools available to UNIX users, although some have been written by third party vendors for specific applications. Typically, tools are grouped into categories for certain functions, such as word processing, business applications, or programming.
